The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay

The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behavior Philosophy Essay Moral conduct as it identifies with the Counseling and Consulting Psychologist involves life and demise. Great moral choices lead to life, liveliness and development of the mental practice. Then again, if an analyst keeps on settling on untrustworthy choices, particularly where the correct decision is clear and genuinely simple to make, it is practically sure that his training won't proceed for extremely long. The clinician will frequently be confronted with circumstances that require sound moral dynamic capacity. Showing up at the fitting strategy to take when confronting a moral difficulty, be that as it may, can be a genuine test. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct to help the clinician when confronted with such problems. The clinician must guarantee that the force and authority that accompanies the calling are not abused, nor mishandled. It is likewise up to him/her to keep up limits and expert separation. Guarante eing moral conduct is the duty of the therapist, in spite of the fact that he won't be distant from everyone else in this endeavor, as analysts look to spike each other on to moral conduct. Assume that as a clinician during psychotherapy, a customer unveiled that he was intending to murder a lady who had denied his advances. What would it be a good idea for you to do? This is obviously a moral situation that you would be confronted with. On one hand, you are very much aware that the data a customer supplies in treatment ought to be classified, that is, the data is carefully among specialist and customer, and ought not be unveiled to any other individual. Then again, you additionally realize this individual all around ok to stress that he may really kill the lady being referred to. (Noble, 2001) What to do? Dictionary.com characterizes morals as the principles of direct perceived in regard to a specific class of human activities or a specific gathering, culture, and so on.; consequently the terms clinical morals, Christian morals and expert morals. Morals range each field of our lives, regardless of whether we are in the helping callings or not, and sooner or later, we will all face a moral quandary. A moral difficulty is a circumstance wherein there is mental clash about a choice to be made, on the grounds that complying with one basic may prompt violating another. At the point when one gets occupied with a control, an association, or work, he/she for the most part tries to discover what the boundaries are for working inside the specific gathering what the limits are, what the desires are. At the end of the day, what the moral rules are for playing out the given undertaking. The American Psychological Association (APA) has built up an Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, additionally alluded to as the Code of Ethics, which fills in as a moral manual for individuals from the helping callings, particularly analysts. The Jamaica Psychological Society in its push to propel brain research as a control and calling (Jamaica Psychological Society, 2007) has received this code with a couple of minor alterations. The APA Code of Ethics for clinicians depends on five general standards, from which all the principles are created. The primary guideline is advantage and nonmaleficence. This implies the clinicians point is to profit the people with whom they work, while, all the while, does no damage to them. The analyst needs to consistently be aware of the customers needs. Generally, their responsibility is to put the customers needs over their own. As indicated by Corey (2005), our expert associations with our customers exist for their advantage (p. 37), thus the Code of Ethics urges the advisor to endeavor to know about any conceivable impact that their psychological and physical state may have on his/her capacity to support the customer, and find a way to deal with themselves. The second guideline of the Code of morals is devotion and obligation. Devotion addresses the way that the therapist looks to build up a confiding in relationship with the customers, regardless of whether the customer is an individual, a gathering or an association. To this end, the instructor is very much aware that the data shared by the customer in treatment is carefully private. Classification is fundamental to building up a trusting and gainful remedial relationship, as indicated by Corey (2005). He notes likewise that it is both a moral and a lawful issue. No important treatment can happen without the customers trust in the protection of their divulgences to their advisors, thus experts are dependable to characterize and decide the level of classification that can be guaranteed. The specialist has a moral duty to examine with the customer the nature and reason for secrecy from the get-go in the directing procedure. The customer ought to likewise be made mindful that the guide m ay talk about specific parts of the relationship with an advocate or associate. The guide would likewise know that classification must be broken when it becomes apparent that the customer may do genuine damage to either himself or others, and obviously, the customer would be so educated. This is the thing that occurred in the genuine case used to open this paper. The advisor decided to break certainty and illuminate his manager regarding the customers disclosures. The customer was captured. In any case, in the wake of promising to avoid the lady being referred to, he was discharged. After two months, he cut the lady to death. The guardians of the lady sued the specialist and the college where he worked for neglecting to secure their girl. This was obviously an unpredictable issue including classification. Here, morals and the law were strolling a meager line. Corey (2005) likewise noticed that there is a lawful necessity to break privacy in cases including kid misuse, maltreatment of the old and of ward grown-ups. (p. 41) Devotion additionally addresses the privilege of educated assent, which is likewise a moral and legitimate necessity, and is an essential piece of the helpful procedure. Giving people vital data with the goal that they can settle on educated decisions can prompt more noteworthy participation with respect to the customer. Since the specialist sets aside the effort to instruct the customer about his/her privileges and obligations, the customer is engaged while a believing relationship is being constructed. Corey (2005) distinguishes a few angles remembered for the procedure of educated assent as the general objectives of guiding; the duties of the advisor toward the customer; the obligations of the customer; constraints and desires to classification; legitimate and moral boundaries that could characterize the relationship, the capabilities and foundation of the professional; the charges in question; the administrations the customer can expect; and the inexact length of the remedial procedure (p. 40). The clinician is capable, not just for oneself as an expert, yet additionally for associates. In that capacity, therapists are worried about their associates consistence with moral measures also. The rehearsing analyst is aware of his/her expert duty to the association and network where he/she works, and acknowledges obligation regarding conduct. Rule number three of the Code of Ethics stresses trustworthiness. The code urges the analyst to do everything in his/her capacity to advance exactness, genuineness, and honesty in the science, educating, and practice of brain science (APA, 2010). The analyst ought not endeavor to cheat, dupe or be deceptive in any capacity, particularly if such conduct may prompt the customer being hurt. The fourth standard on which the Code of Ethics is based is that of equity. As such, reasonableness is the situation. Kitchener (1984) calls attention to that the conventional significance of equity is rewarding equivalents similarly and unequals inconsistent however with respect to their pertinent contrasts (p.49). This implies in the event that somebody is dealt with contrastingly by the analyst, it is on the grounds that there is an unmistakable and proper explanation behind that treatment. For instance, if a customer is resolved to be not able to settle on specific choices as it identifies with their treatment as a result of some psychological test, at that point the clinician would treat this customer to some degree uniquely in contrast to how somebody who is completely ready to settle on such choices is dealt with. Notwithstanding rewarding customers reasonably, the analyst is likewise mindful of the way that everybody is qualified for access and advantage from brain science and its commitments o the general public. As indicated by the code of morals, clinicians likewise guarantee that they are similarly as it identifies with their own impediments of aptitude and their capability. They are not to depict themselves, or permit themselves to be depicted as an authority in zones that they are most certainly not. The clinician should likewise be non-exploitative. There are numerous ways that a customer might be misused, yet I think specifically now of sexual unfortunate behavior. Morals codes don't support this movement in any structure. There are numerous explanations behind this, including the way that if the advisor gives up to sexual fascination with the customer, he/she is making the necessities of the customer auxiliary to their own; the specialist who participates in such a relationship can not, at this point stay objective in making restorative decisions about the customer; and a few customers probably won't have the option to settle on dependable choices about shaping close connections (Baron, 2001). The last rule supporting the Code of Ethics is regard for people groups rights and pride. This underscores the equity rule and perceives the humanness of every individual paying little mind to sexual orientation, race, economic wellbeing and such other distinctive elements. The analyst is mindful so as not to permit individual inclinations to impede his treatment as it identifies with such people. The therapist is additionally capable to know about, and regard social, individual and job contrasts, and treat people in like manner, where re

Assignment Web or Mobile System Paper Essay

Portable applications have gotten fundamental to each business looking to stay important despite a world loaded up with individuals who are continually moving. The advancement of innovation and the dynamic idea of media transmission industry has caused correspondence to turn into a noteworthy piece of everyone’s life. IPhone is the most adaptable correspondence contraptions that have been made of late. Smartphone’s have become famous nowadays, and they offer thrilling diversion. iPhones have become fruitful and a wonder gadget which changed the versatile innovation with multi-contact interface with ground-breaking highlights a full-included internet browser, enormous screen, internet browser, email, voice informing, video calling, exciting games, excellent look, and texting. The new rush of things to come in the realm of innovation and organizations are receiving rewards out of their iPhone applications. IPhone applications are configuration to upgrade the experience of the clients, draw in the clients and construct the versatile brand. There are eight ages of iPhone models and can associate such a large number of cell arranges and has WIFI. You can play music, peruse the web, shoot video, send and get email, take photographs, record notes, send messages, do scientific computations, GPS route, and get visual phone message. Sound conferencing, guest id, call combining, and call holding is permitted by iPhone. The media library can be arranged by craftsman, recordings, types, digital broadcast, tunes, collections, writers, and book recordings. The huge front on iPhone gives clients space to contact their determination and to buy and downloads tunes from the iTunes store that goes straightforwardly to their iPhone. With the virtual console on the touch screen and the alternative to anticipate what word is should have been composed or revision for any inadvertent squeezing of the keys. There are remedies and spell checking, dynamic word reference, prescient word capacities. That learns new words. There are highlights to help HTML email and gives clients the optionâ to implant photographs in your email message. Mail messages can saw on the telephone in words, PowerPoint, pdf, and exceed expectations connections. Some future changes will be the modest onetime cost adversary applications will be supplanted by a membership expense, or a repetitive income dependent on utilization. The client desire, plans of action and changes have developed with the application complexity and client experience develops. One of the best time and inventive activities is travel and now iPhone offer data about your present area with the dash of a catch. The product is created to know your movement inclinations and tastes that is specially customized to you There are applications being developed to forestall messaging while at the same time driving and applications that can forestall any phone use while the vehicle is moving. Messaging while at the same time driving has gotten excessively perilous and such a large number of individuals are having and causing mishaps. There have been numerous passings and genuine wounds cause by messaging while at the same time driving and many feel the most ideal approach to dispense with it is to an application on telephones that won't permit mobile phone utilization while vehicles are moving. One of the most inventive organizations and one of the best time things we do in life is travel. With the pinch of a catch, data about your preferences and inclinations are cutting-edge for you. Having that abrupt data will profit you regardless of where you’re voyaging. IPhones have gotten critical to its clients and some couldn't work on an everyday premise without it and some would even feel lost without it. IPhones have given its clients moment access to everything from bills to banks to email to protection approaches and charge cards. The innovation of iPhones have advance the route everybody from organizations to the basic man or lady. The universe of cell phone innovation began changing when iPhone figured out how to consolidate the intensity of cell phones with an alluring structure, straightforward and general style that a great many people need from a telephone. As innovation propels and improves, iPhones will just improve and turn out to be progressively useful. As they become progressively accommodating, individuals will come to rely upon them more. IPhones have been an extraordinary advantage, the interruption of the considerable number of highlights have gotten risky and put numerous in danger.

[Astronomy subject] Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

[Astronomy subject] Assignment - Essay Example This space rock has an inexact breadth of 270 meters. Starting perceptions of the space rock proposed a little possibility (up to 2.7%) that the space rock may strike earth likely on thirteenth April 2029. NASA has anticipated 1 of every 300 possibility of the space rock striking the Earth. Be that as it may, the outcomes may change dependent on the everyday perceptions by NASA. With the improvement of new innovations, it might be conceivable to annihilate any article which could be a danger. Be that as it may, this may prompt pieces of a space rock striking the Earth. An exhaustive research ought to be completed to comprehend the negative effects of such an activity. The movement or the circle of a space rock relies upon numerous variables, for example, the gravitational draw of different planets or a satellite’s pull from sun oriented breeze. So it might be hard to occupy a space rock and change its circle. Space rock 2011 CQ1 is a little 1 meter width space rock which made a record close methodology on February 4 2011. The Center for Meteorite Studies expresses that it went inside a scope of 5480 KM over a district in the mid-pacific. It is the nearest non affecting space rock in the NASA space rock Catalog till

The Host Chapter 1 Remembered Free Essays

I realized it would start with the end, and the end would look like demise to these eyes. I had been cautioned. Not these eyes. We will compose a custom paper test on The Host Chapter 1: Remembered or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now My eyes. Mine. This was me now. The language I had wound up utilizing was odd, yet it seemed well and good. Rough, square shaped, daze, and straight. Unthinkably disabled in comparision to numerous I’d utilized, yet still it figured out how to discover ease and articulation. Now and then excellence. My language now. My local tounge. With the most genuine sense of my sort, I’d bound myself safely into the body’s focal point of thought, twined myself inevitably into its every breath and reflex until it was not, at this point a seperate element. It was me. Not the body, mybody. I felt the sedation wearing off and clarity having its spot. I prepared myself for the invasion of the primary memory, which would truly be the last memory ?C the last minutes this body had encountered, the memory of the end. I had been cautioned thorougly of what might happen now. These human feelings would be more grounded, more indispensable than the sentiments of some other species I had been. I attempted to set myself up. The memory came. Furthermore, as I’d been cautioned, it was not something that would ever be set up for. It singed with sharp shading and ringing sound. Cold on her skin, torment holding her appendages, consuming them. The taste was wildly metallic in her mouth. Also, there was the new sense, the fifth sense I’d never had, that took the particles from the air and changed them into odd messages and pleasaures and alerts in her mind ?C aromas. They were diverting, befuddling to me, yet not to her memory. The memory lacked the capacity to deal with the oddities of smell. The memory was just dread. Dread secured her a tight clamp, prodding the unpolished, awkward limbd forward yet hampering them simultaneously. To escape, to run ?C it was everything she could do. I’ve fizzled. The memory that was not mine was so shockingly solid and clear that it cut through my control ?C overpowered the separation, the information this was only a memory and not me. Sucked into the hellfire that was the last moment of her life, I was she, and we were running. It’s so dim. I can’t see. I can’t see the floor. I can’t see my hands streched out before me. I run visually impaired and attempt to hear the interest I can feel behind me, yet the beat is so uproarious behind my ears it muffles everything else. It’s cold. It shouldn’t matter now, however it harms. I’m so cold. The air in her nose was awkward. Awful. A terrible stench. For one second, that inconvenience pulled me liberated from the memory. Be that as it may, it was one moment, and afterward I was hauled in once more, and my eyes loaded up with astonished tears. I’m lost, we’re lost. It’s over. They’re directly behind me now, uproarious and close. There are such a large number of strides! I am separated from everyone else. I’ve fizzled. The Seekers are calling. The sound of their voices curves my stomach. I’m going to be wiped out. â€Å"It’s fine, it’s fine,† one untruths, attempting to quiet me, to slow me. Her voice is upset by the exertion of her relaxing. â€Å"Be careful!† another yells in notice. â€Å"Don’t hurt yourself,† one of them argues. A profound voice, brimming with concern. Concern! Warmth shot trough my veins, and a vicious scorn almost gagged me. I had never felt such a feeling as this in for my entire lives. For one more second, my revulision pulled me away from the memory. A high, harsh keening pierced my ears and beat in my mind. The sound scratched through my aviation routes. There was a frail torment in my throat. Shouting, my body clarified. You’re shouting. I solidified in stun, and the sound severed unexpectedly. This was not a memory. My body ?C she was thinking! Speakingto me! In any case, the memory was more grounded, at that time, than my amazement. â€Å"Please,† they cry. â€Å"There is risk ahead.† The risk is behind! I shout back in my brain. Be that as it may, I understand. A weak stream of light, originating from who knows where, sparkles on the finish of the lobby. It isn't the level divider or the bolted entryway, the impasse I dreaded and anticipated. It is a dark opening. A deep opening. Deserted, unfilled, and denounced, similar to this structure. When a concealing spot, presently a tomb. A flood of help floods through me as I dashed forward. There is a way. No real way to endure, yet maybe an approach to win. No, no, no! This idea was all mine, and I battled to pull myself away from her, however we wer together. Furthermore, we ran from the edge of death. â€Å"Please!† The yells are increasingly urgent. I want to snicker when I realize that I am sufficiently quick. I envision their hands grasping for me just crawls despite my good faith. Be that as it may, I am as quick as I should be. I don’t even respite toward the finish of the floor. The gap ascends to meet me midstride. The void swallows me. My legs thrash, futile. My hands grasp the air, hook through it, looking for anything strong. Cold blows past me like tornado winds. I hear the crash before I feel it†¦ The air is gone†¦ And afterward torment is everywhere†¦ Pain is everything. Make it stop. Not sufficiently high, I murmur to myself through the agony. When will the agony end? When†¦? The obscurity gobbled up the misery, and I was feeble with appreciation that the memory had arrived at this generally last of ends. The darkness took all, and I was free. I slowly inhaled to consistent myself, similar to this body’s propensity. My body. In any case, at that point the shading hurried back, the memory raised up and overwhelmed me once more. No! I froze, dreading the cold and the torment and the very dread itself. Be that as it may, this was not a similar memory. This was a memory inside a memory ?C a last memory, similar to a last pant of air ?C yet, by one way or another, considerably more grounded than the first. The obscurity took everything except this: a face. The face was as strange to me as the unremarkable serpentine limbs of my last host body would be to this new body. I’d seen this sort of face in the pictures I had been given to get ready for this world. It was difficult to reveal to them separated, to see the small varieties fit as a fiddle that was the main markers of the person. So much the equivalent, every one of them. Noses focused in the circle, eyes above and mouths beneath, ears around the sides. An assortment of faculties, everything except contact, gathered in one spot. Skin over bones, hair developing on the crown and in abnormal fuzzy lines over the eyes. Some had more hide drop down on the jaw: those were consistently guys. The hues extended through the earthy colored scale from pale cream to a profound nearly dark. Beside that, how to know one from the other? This face I would of known among millions. This face was a hard square shape, the state of the bones solid under the skin. In shading it was light brilliant earthy colored. The hair was only a couple of shades darker than the skin, aside from where straw colored streaks helped it, and it secured just the head and the odd hide stripes over the eyes. The roundabout irises in the white eyeballs were darker than the hair be that as it may, similar to the hair, spotted with light. There were little lines around the eyes, and her recollections revealed to me the lines was from grinning and squinting into daylight. I knew nothing of what went for excellence among these outsiders, but then I realized that this face was lovely. I needed to continue taking a gander at it. When I understood this, it vanished. Mine, spoke the outsider idea that ought not have existed. Once more, I was solidified, staggered. There ought to have been nobody here however me. But then this idea was so solid thus mindful! Outlandish. How was she still here? This was me now. Mine, I reprimanded her, the force and authority that had a place with only me moving through the word. Everything is mine. So for what reason am I disrespecting her? I pondered as the voices interuppted my contemplations. The most effective method to refer to The Host Chapter 1: Remembered, Essay models

The Attractive People Performance free essay sample

As everybody know, a gorgeous people pull in questioners, get employed quicker, are bound to make more deals and get more raises. As indicated by Daniel Hamermesh, a financial aspects educator at the University of Texas in Austin, calls attention to the advantages in his book, Beauty Pays: Why Attractive People Are More Successful. that â€Å"attractive individuals appear procuring a normal of 3% to 4% in excess of an individual with underneath normal looks. That signifies $230,000 progressively over in a lifetime of the regular gorgeous individual. Indeed, even a normal looking laborer is probably going to make $140,000 more over a lifetime than a less appealing specialist. † However, show improvement over normal looking individuals? Some of the time you partiality the individuals in light of their appearance and character. You may think the hotshots in Hollywood who have light hair or attractive folks are not savvy enough to contemplate polynomial math and biochemical. At that point, they need to utilize their alluring figure and acting ability to accessory in their vocation. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Attractive People Performance or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Conversely, the image of shrewd individual may wear the thick glasses, convey a ton of books and have the considering trademark. They are viewed as ugly individuals. Today, the generalization of blondies or gorgeous men being dimmer than normal should be updated in the wake of understanding the new social idea of alluring individuals and the examination about nature of work among them. If there should be an occurrence of social idea, the set up of thought, excellence was unintelligent, begun in nineteenth century, the Victorian time, when the favored females were fragile, blonde and white-cleaned. They radiated the picture of heavenly attendant and honesty. Simultaneously, the portrayals in the novel of blondies are likewise alluring, apparently fragile, and considered excellence while earthy colored haired, olive-cleaned ladies were ugly. Most writing from that time took such a position. Therefore, the ugly went to bat for themselves and their autonomy while the blondies consistently depend their men to be spared and dealt with, blonde ladies who we considered excellence gradually got known as frail and unintelligent, in a manner of speaking. The new thought coming after that period shows that lovely individuals are currently viewed as keen than the normal individuals. The finding, in view of studies in Britain and the US, recommends that the alluring individuals execution better than ugly on account of higher IQ. The motivation behind why they have higher IQ than the standard was clarified. As per Kanazawa and Kova, the end that delightful individuals are progressively savvy follows from three suppositions. Most importantly, men who have high IQs are bound to achieve higher status than men who are less astute. At that point, higher-status men are bound to mate with more wonderful ladies than lower-status men. At last, both knowledge and excellence are acquired. The offspring of such couples will wind up with the two characteristics, constructing a hereditary connection between them. This connection becomes bolster the progressive ages. In term of execution, numerous individuals may think a lovely people appear to have everything given to them. That mean they don't ordinarily have better execution in view of their own capacity. Then again, ugly individuals need to work more diligently to get what day need. For instance, Microsoft will never terminated if Bill Gates looks like George Clooney or iPad will never be delivered if Steve Jobs was as attractive as Ryan Gosling. Other incredible developments and innovations won't be made on the off chance that they needed of impetus from ugly individuals who had nothing to show improvement over giving other the better life. Then again, there is the looks into help that the alluring improve capacity than midpoints individuals. Analysts in The London School of Economics (LSE) and the USs National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that alluring individuals had IQs up to 14 focuses better than expected. Dr. Kanazawa from LSE found that, in Britain, men who were truly appealing had IQs a normal 13. focuses over the standard, though genuinely appealing ladies were around 11. 4 focuses higher than normal. Kanazawa discoveries depended on the National Child Development Study, which has followed 17,419 individuals the nation over since they were conceived in March 1958. One instances of this generalization were Natalie Portman who completed single guys degree in brain research from Harvard University; she likewise speak Hebrew, French and Japanese easily. The other individual is Kate Beckinsale who contemplated French, Russian and writing at Oxford University and communicates in German,Russian and French. From all of over, the new thought idea is changing from â€Å"beauty is missing intelligent† to â€Å"beauty is just savvy yet preferable performance† over the analyst is simply logical. The reason for the this paper doesn't to upgrade individuals doing medical procedure or disillusion yourself for being uninteresting individual, however to cut off prejudge propensity and powerful individuals to improve their own character inside and out to be appealing individuals, for example, well-dressing, doing make up and having great character. At that point, you can simple be the fruitful individuals with alluring

YO!

YO! Junior year pretty much ws a gigantic ride on the struggle bus for me  but more on that later! This  blog isnt about the lesson I learned this year or my feelings. no, its about my favorite class that I took this semester. 2.008 is a Design for Manufacturing class offered to Mechanical Engineering students. The course focuses on educating students about the design thinking and processes that can be used to mass manufacture products. As an engineer, this is really important because ultimately everything we design needs to be capable of being made somehow. 2.008 teaches us how to make it real. Of course, this is MIT, where we believe the best way to learn is to do. We apply what we learn in a big design project where we make yo-yos! Faced with the challenge of deciding what what we wanted our yoyo to look like, our team of 7 brave souls dug deep, deep into our childhood memories and decided to make a yo-yo based on the 1996 movie Space Jam.  For those of you who arent familiar with the movie (sad day), the plot revolves around about Michael Jordan helping the Looney Toons in an epic, life-or-death basketball game. To begin the design process, we hit the white board. We moved to the computers to start working in Solidworks (a program used for modeling on the computer) and Mastercam (a software to program the machines to make molds) The LMP computer lab pretty much became my second home Yep, Im using 3 computers in this picture. But one of them was rendering something. Then we manufactured some beautiful molds on the mill and lathe. Dave, one of the wonderful lab instructors, explaining how the lathe works to our team. The mill working hard to make our mold design. Look at all those flying chips! Dramatic mold photo. Looks so intense. One of our final molds. So shiny. Next we manufactured parts using the massive injection molding machine and thermoform machine. Dave, showing us all the buttons/functions of the injection molding machine. This machine heats up plastic pellets and then injects the molten plastic into the closed mold onto the right. David 15, Rohun 15, and Dave measuring the rings that we manufactured to make sure they were the correct size. Steve 15 with the thermoform machine. This machine heats up sheets of plastics and then places them over a mold. The warm plastic is then sucked down on top of the mold to form into a shape. Our subtle basketball thermoform. Our first test of the body mold. Lots of flash (the excess plastic on the side), but we could fix that! Sarah 15, so excited about having our Bugs Bunny disks. All of the parts for all our yo-yos. Finally, we were able to assemble all our yo-yos! Watching Space Jam and assembling all the yo-yos. May not have been the most efficient assembly line ever The finished yo-yo compared to the original design. Pretty much the same. All the yo-yos! (We had to make 50) To wrap up the class, we gave a short little poster presentation at the end.   Now thats a good looking team. Not biased or anything Overall, 2.008 is definitely one of the best classes that I took here. I learned a ton about the manufacturing process in a hands-on environment. Plus I got to spend a semester hanging out with some goofy goobers. You can read more about our process/watch our awesome group video on our team blog here. Now, I hope you all are inspired to go connect with your childhood and watch Space Jam! Post Tagged #2.008 Design and Manufacturing

How to Prepare for Residency

Nows the time to buy that house! This past Friday, thousands of medical students across the US (and the world) discovered where they will be living and working for the next 3-6 years. And now, with less than four months of planning, these newly minted physicians are expected to move to new cities, find housing, gain licensure, and be ready to hit the ground running starting July 1st. Although it sounds overwhelming, a little extra work now can go a long way to making a smooth transition. Here’s some advice for starting residency on the right foot! Where are you going to live? For many medical students, this will be the first opportunity to actually purchase their own home. If your residency is more than three or four years, I’d recommend considering purchasing a house instead of renting. Keep in mind, once your residency begins, it will be exceptionally difficult to move to a new apartment or home, so take your time deciding where you want to live, including your commute and traffic in your new city. Many banks offer Physician Loans, including zero down and low interest options. Contact your current bank, and do some research online or with a personal financial advisor before making any decisions. There are some great resources online, including WhiteCoatInvestor.com, which was started by an emergency medicine physician (be aware there are many banks who pay sites for referrals). Regardless of what you choose, start soon as the process (especially for a mortgage) can be very time consuming! You look too young to be a doctor†¦ Most residency programs will email or mail you a long list of requirements for you to complete after match day. If not, or you’d like to get a head start, find your state’s medical board and download the licensing application. Many states require in-person fingerprints, so if you’re going to visit to look for housing, make sure you knock this out at the same time. Again, earlier is better than later; thousands of new graduates are going through the exact same process, and your first few months will go a lot smoother if your NPI and DEA numbers are ready. Plus, then you can flash your shiny new badge when patients ask when they will see â€Å"a doctor.† Wait When do we need to be there? If you’re planning a post-graduation vacation, make sure you know what day you officially start your residency. Even though many programs begin July 1st, you are usually expected to be there June 15th or earlier for orientation. Some programs, like my fiancà ©e’s, even required she begin working on June 15th, with an even earlier orientation. Make sure you don’t show up two weeks late because you were on a Caribbean island drinking Mai Tais.    Meet and Greet Get to know your co-residents, especially your co-interns! You will be spending years of your life with these people; stressed out, over worked, and sleep deprivedhaving friends to share it with makes everything better. Set-up a group chat, Facebook group, or email chain with your new classmates and try to get together and help each other out navigating your orientation materials and licensing paperwork. Having a strong relationship with your class will not only help each individual out, but will strengthen patient care. Enjoy it! Transitioning to residency is almost as stressful as Step 1, but it’s also exciting. Enjoy the rest of your fourth year, celebrate your graduation (take lots of photos!) and spend time with your family and friends. Make time to do the things you’ve been putting off for the past four years and come into residency relaxed, refreshed and ready for the challenges ahead. Congratulations on matching! Evan Kuhl is a PGY-1 emergency medicine resident at The George Washington University in Washington, DC. Evan is interested in the intersection of sports and medicine, and is an avid cyclist. His website, www.evankuhl.com, includes helpful tips for pre-med and current medical students. Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  A Residency Admissions Tip for Third-Year Medical Students †¢Ã‚  How To Successfully Couples Match †¢Ã‚  What Med School Applicants Need to Know About Residency Match

Federalism Vs. Judicial Review - 899 Words

When one thinks of individual rights, federalism is not one of the first thoughts that come to mind. In fact federalism played a huge role in the start of individual rights. Along with federalism, judicial review was one of the initial startups of individual rights with Supreme Court cases that will be later mentioned. Federalism and judicial review paved the way for the start up and stability of individual rights. Before the analysis of how federalism and judicial review plays a part in individual rights, one must know what exactly they are. Federalism is a system that spreads the powers over two or more political structures. These structures could be as small as cities and go all up to the federal government system. An example of this is state laws and federal laws. Some states have allowed the use for marijuana for medical use. While the state laws allow it, marijuana is still illegal under federal law. The first start of federalism and separation of states comes with the Constitu tion. This established our federal government and brought the states together under one government. The Constitution â€Å"recognizes the federal government as the highest power† (Dugger). Even though it is the higher power, the constitution includes that states are different powers and also have their own rights. The other power that contributes to individual rights is the power of judicial review. Judicial review is a power that the Supreme Court of the United States holds that allows them toShow MoreRelated Marbury vs Madison Essay examples921 Words   |  4 PagesMarbury vs Madison As the government was newly establishing its stronghold on the nation, forging its way to a powerful republic and instituting precedents for the future, a struggle to preserve the foundations of American Society instituted by Washington and John Adams existed as Thomas Jefferson took office. In an attempt to maintain the â€Å"edifice of the National Government† believing Jefferson would topple the prestigious nation with his atheist views, Adams appointed various Federalists toRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as Madison’s model. James Madison’s design to maximize liberty and still allow the government to govern is proven through the four component parts of Madison’s model. These four components include separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and republicanism. The philosophies of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes influenced Madison in a way that allowed him to have both liberty and order at the same tim e. John Locke believed in individual liberty and freedom from the government whilst ThomasRead MoreAp Government s Government Review Project1122 Words   |  5 PagesAP Government Review Project Aaron Cope Period 4 Table of Contents Slide 1 – Title Page Slides 3-68 Unit 1: The Constitution a: Slides 4-12 b: Slides 13-20 c: Slides 21-23 d: Slides 24-51 e: Slides 52-57 f: Slides 58-61 g: Slides 62-65 h: Slides 66-68 Slides 69-89 Unit 2: Political Beliefs and Behaviors a: Slides 70-71 b: Slides 72-76 c: Slides 77-80 d: Slides 81-82 e: Slides 83-84 f: Slides 85-87 g: Slides 88-89 UNIT I:The Constitution 1. Historic Events Major ParliamentRead MoreGovernment: United States Constitution and National Government1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthis in Federalist No. 51- C, separation of powers 5. The President appoints Supreme Court justices as needed. Who must approve these appointments?- C, Senate 6. The key concept developed by the Chief Justice in Marbury v. Madison was- C, judicial review 7. An example of growth of the President’s power not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution is- B, executive orders 8. The last step in amending the Constitution is- C, ratification by  ¾ of the states 9. Madison claims the great problemRead MoreThe Workings Of American Government996 Words   |  4 Pagesabout important court cases in American history gave me the chances to understand much more about how, when, and why the governors made those legislative amendments. For example, I read and wrote about these cases: Plessy vs. Ferguson, Brown vs. Broad of Education, Dartmouth College vs. William H†¦etc. To give out my opinion during writing these essays, I was forced to read much more materials from other sources such as book or internet to have an adequate and profound knowledge about those court cases;Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?908 Words   |  4 Pagesconflict of laws regarding the same subject matter. In the landmark case Marbury vs. Madison, the court also established the ability to deem a law unconstitutional. This ability is known as Judicial Review. This means that any federal laws, or statutes enacted or presidential executive order may be overturned by the Supreme Court if deemed unconstitutional. This establishes the basis of federalism in the united states. Federalism allows for the existence of separate sovereigns within a nation or governmentRead MoreChapter 2 : The Constitution1418 Words   |  6 Pageswould be changed to the pursuit of happiness). 2) Each state retained its sovereignty and independence regardless of size had one vote in congress and the delegates who cast were picked and paid for by the state legislatures. There was no national judicial system to settle these issues and claims among the states. 3) All power was given to the unicameral legislature, the Assembly, the members who were elected every year for one year terms. There was no governor or president only an executive councilRead MoreThe Commerce Clause, The Aca, And Federalism2798 Words   |  12 Pages The Commerce Clause, the ACA, and Federalism Sean C. Hall POL303: The American Constitution Dr. Jean Jolivet 4/25/15 Introduction Since its inclusion in the Constitution, the Commerce Clause has been quite â€Å"necessary and proper† clause, and it has also been a source of contention and debate. There have been over 1400 cases filed with the Supreme Court challenging its application in the 20th century. The passage of the controversial Affordable Care Act made the commerce being brought onceRead MoreCivics Eoc Study Guide3283 Words   |  14 Pageslegislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. d. Checks and Balances – a system in which each branch of government is able to check/restrain the power of the others. e. Judicial Review – the power of the Supreme Court to say whether the federal, state, or local law or government action goes against the Constitution. f. Federalism – a form of government in which power is divided between the federal/national government and state governments. 9) Federalism in action a. Delegated/ExpressedRead MoreNature of Indian Constitution11177 Words   |  45 Pagesthat it establishes a federation. The question whether the Indian Constitution could be called a federal constitution troubled the minds of the members of the Constituent Assembly. This question cannot be answered without going into the meaning of federalism and the essential features that are evident in federal state. Unitary Constitution A unitary system is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature. All power is top down. A unitary state is a sovereign

Reflection Paper On Fur Animal Wellness And Massage

Xinran Xu SM395 Management Internship Summer 2015 Reflection Paper This summer during May and June, I attended the internship at a company named Focus on Fur Animal Wellness and Massage, which is owned by a certified small animal massage practitioner. We both love animals such as dogs and cats and we both keep a dog at home. Our common points made us feel connected with each other that we had so many topics especially for dogs to talk about. In addition, the job contents were mostly related to dogs, which attracted me and made me want to explore more knowledge in this field. I was responsible for multiple tasks during this internship, since the company was a small start-up company that provided me the opportunity to handle almost everything that a company needs at the preliminary stage. Before my internship, I had no real direction of a particular position that I would like to pursue as my future career goal. I was trying to find an opportunity in which I could gain some working experience as well as put on my resume. Looking back now, an internship with various tasks helps me realize what I am willing to do and which aspect I am better with. On the other hand, contrary to the experience of completing an internship at a standard large firm, this internship allowed me to be more creative and bold to make decisions instead of doing some fixed tasks with strict rules. My supervisor had another full time job to take care with, so I worked from home individually, and would get in

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 913 Words

In Defense of To Kill A Mockingbird Rough Draft To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee has been banned and/or challenged over thirty times since its publication in 1960. Effectively preventing many students from enjoying the novel and benefitting from its message. To ignore racism is no different than denying it ever existed. To Kill a Mockingbird is appropriate for mature adolescence/students and should not be banned from schools. Despite its sexual related content, or profanity, a valuable lesson remains that should be taught to students. Reasons for banning and/or challenging To Kill a Mockingbird are usually the same or very similar. Mostly for the references to rape, profanity, use of the word â€Å"nigger† and sometimes because of racism. One time in Cherry Hill, NJ, To Kill a Mockingbird was banned in fears of black children becoming upset reading it. Most school boards will try to justify the bans by demonizing To Kill a Mockingbird and Harper Lee. In 1966, Lee wrote a le tter of response to the attempts of banning To Kill a Mockingbird, discarding it as â€Å"immoral literature†. She said: â€Å"Recently I have received echoes down this way of the Hanover County School Board s activities, and what I ve heard makes me wonder if any of its members can read. Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners. ToShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Ha rper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. L ee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

How Slave Owners Justify Their Choice - 1757 Words

How could slave owners justify their choice to hold other humans in bondage? What could make them do such a horrible thing? These questions are important and the answers are complex. Slave owners used many reasons to make their choices seem acceptable to society at large, and to themselves. The main reason behind this would be greed and power. In the 1800’s white men who owned plantations felt like they owned the world if they had five slaves, especially in the southern states. However, as the years wore on the black population increased no thanks to the lust of their masters. This brought up a big problem. The solution that they came up with was fear itself. If a slave tried to run away and was caught, he or she was severely punished or†¦show more content†¦later on, a cousin bleeding from her shoulders and neck after a flogging by a drunken overseer. Douglass was briefly saved from an existence of humble plantation work when he was sent to Baltimore to work for a shipwright. There, his mistress showed him to read until her husband pronounced that learning would ruin him. Douglass proceeded with all his training alone. With fifty pennies that he earned blacking boots, Douglass purchased a duplicate of the Columbian Orator, a gathering of talks that incorporated a ranking assault on bondage. This book acquainted him with the thoughts of the Edification and the American Unrest and enlivened him to impeccable his stylistic abilities. At fifteen, after his Master s passing, Douglass was returned to the plantation life where he was unwilling to show respect to his new proprietor, whom he declined to call Master. To squash Douglass defiant soul, he was contracted out to an infamous slave breaker named Edward Covey. For seven months, Douglass persisted mishandle meant and beatings. Be that as it may, one hot August morning he could take no more. He battled back and vanquished Covey in a clench hand battle. Covey never abused Douglass again. In 1836, Douglass and two close friends plotted to escape slavery. When the plan was uncovered, Douglass was thrown into jail. Instead of being sold to slave traders and shipped to the deep South, as he had expected, Douglass was returned to Baltimore andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Arguments for the Slavery Institution526 Words   |  3 Pageshighlight the following questions: How might southern apologists for slavery have used the northern â€Å"wage slave† discussed in the last chapter to justify slavery? To what extent do you agree with this argument? How did slaves use religious belief and kinship to temper their plight? Did this strategy play into the hands of slaveholders? How were non-slaveholding whites and â€Å"free people of color† affected by the institution of slavery? From the perspective of a slave-owner, slavery may be paradise whenRead MoreCRITIQUE – Slavery Making of America vs. Rivoli’s â€Å" The Travels of a T Shirt in a Global Economy†971 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery in America during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries because their views are vastly different. In Rivoli’s book, The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy† (TT) she seems to take the side of the farmer/plantation owner. In that she seems to justify the need for slaves to keep the price of cotton down so that the plantations are more profitable. Instead of the farmers working their own land and/or paying day laborers to help during harvest (as had been done for years prior), they chooseRead MoreThe Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1065 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of Colorado in 2014, should be on the federal ballot in 2016 and passed. Can the issue of slavery be connected to the issue of abortion? Concepts of freedom, personhood, and human rights are central to both issues. How society understands and defines these concepts governs how public policy is made. After giving a speech on Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (1991), historian James M. McPherson was asked, â€Å"If Lincoln were alive today, what position would [h]e take on abortion†¦Read MoreThe Slavery Of The Civil War1701 Words   |  7 Pagesoff as property, and treated in hateful, vile manors in the name of a higher God. Many slave owners retained the firm belief that due to slavery being beneficial to them and the lack of clear-cut condemnation in scripture, it was a divine institution beneficial to both the slave and slave owner themselves. As a result, these ideals led to further enslavement and abuse, exploiting Blacks so that the slave owners could capitalize off of their work. Although many pro-slavery advocates assert that theirRead MoreStruggle for Independence in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, â€Å"An American Slave†1006 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a lifespan of forcible enslavement. For all Slaves, this was the normality which was callously endured. In his work, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, â€Å"An American Slave,† Frederick Douglass argues and exemplifies that his fate was destined outside of the walls of slavery. In Douglass’ book, he narrates his earliest accounts of being a slave. At a young age, he acknowledges that it was a masters’ prerequisite to â€Å"keep their slaves thus ignorant†, reporting he had no true accountRead MoreMiranda Fleming. Word Count: 1,674. 3/16/17. Defending1674 Words   |  7 PagesFleming Word Count: 1,674 3/16/17 Defending Slavery: Religion and Race The history of slavery in the United States divided people by the color of their skin. During the 16th thru 18th century, people of African ethnicity were automatically considered slaves. This not only created a parceling between races but also the demarcation of the northern and southern states of the America. The northern states had asseverated their opposition of slavery while the southern states upheld their concordance with itRead More Desirees Baby by Kate Chopin Essay examples873 Words   |  4 Pagesonly if it benefits; it is unreasonable. This essay will discuss the role love plays in Armand and Desirees lives and the destructive power of pride and the effect of the choices our characters make. Desiree is a beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere young woman.(p. 31) Armand, a young plantation owner, falls in love with her as if struck by a pistol shot.(p.31) Armands love for her is described as a prairie fire, or like anything that drives headlong over all obstaclesRead MoreThe Emergence Of Slavery And The Civil War1415 Words   |  6 PagesSection 11 11/12/14 The Emergence of Slavery and How It Led to the Civil War Slavery is a system where people are not treated as people, they are treated as property. Properties have no right to do anything and only follow what their masters want. They are used for the benefits of their masters and gain nothing in return. This describes exactly how slaves are treated. The unethical and cruel treatment of people through the slavery system caused various slave rebellions and ultimately lit the spark leadingRead MoreEconomic, Geographic, And Social Factors1352 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? The introduction of Africans to America in 1619 set off an irreversible chain of events that effected the economy of the southern colonies. With a switch from the expensive system of indentured servitude, slavery emerged and grew rapidly for various reasons, consisting of economic, geographic, and social factors. The expansionRead MoreThe Father Of Modern Linguistics, Edward Sapir, Characterized1682 Words   |  7 Pagesinnate ability to walk, such a hominid mechanism of complex thought-expression is a learned skill achieved through culture. This exclusively human ability is essential to one’s core identity, as explored by Chicana cultural theorist Gloria Anzaldua in How to Tame a Wild Tongue, in which she recalls being rejected for her native bilingual tongue by native Mexicans and White Americans, unable to fit in with either culture. Here, we see that language is a unique expression of identity -- adaptive and Taoist

Intellectual Property Laws of India Free Essays

string(42) " for such infringement without a warrant\." Intellectual Property Laws of India James Thanickan When India became a Republic in 1950, India had Intellectual Property legislations on copyrights, patents, designs and trade marks. These were mostly adaptations of the laws of Great Britain in each area and were of general international norms. Subsequently, India modified the Intellectual Property legislations to make them meet national needs and requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property Laws of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pursuant to the country’s joining the World Trade Organisation, India either modified the existing legislations or enacted new legislations in all the intellectual properties identified in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), as per the obligations it committed. There are now specific legislations on Copyrights and Related Rights, Patents, Trade Marks, Designs, Geographical Indications of Goods, Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights, and Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Designs. In addition, India also has legislations on protection of biological diversity and competition. The Indian Intellectual Property legislations are now fully TRIPS compatible. A brief overview of these legislations is presented in the following paragraphs. Copyrights India has a long history of copyright law enactment. As early as 1857, India passed a law to protect copyrights. Later, another Act was passed in 1862. But the Act which became a milestone was the Copyright Act, 1914. This was based on the Copyright Act, 1911 of the United Kingdom with suitable modifications for India. This Act remained in force until replaced by the present Copyright of 1957 on 21 January 1958. The present legislation was amended periodically in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994 and 1999 to meet requirements of the times. Presently, a set of amendments is under consideration of the Parliament. Regulations regarding procedures and other matters are prescribed in the Copyright Rules, 1958 as amended from time to time. The Copyright Act extends copyright protection to the following classes of works: (a) Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works (b) Cinematograph films, and c) Sound recording. The definition of literary work in the Act is an inclusive definition stating specifically that computer programmes, tables and compilations including computer databases are literary works. Artistic works include architecture but the copyright subsists only in the artistic character and design and not in the process or methods of construction. Copyright will not subsist in any design register ed under the Designs Act or an article to which the design has been applied is reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process. There shall be no copyright in a cinematograph film if a substantial part of the film is an infringement of copyright in any work. Similarly, if a sound recording contains infringing work, then it will not have any copyright. The law makes it also clear that that the separate copyright in any work incorporated in a cinematograph film or sound recording is not affected by the copyright in the cinematograph film or the sound recording. The following rights accrue to the owners of copyright: reproduction, issuing of copies, communication to the public, translation, and adaptation. Similar rights are also available for translations and adaptations. For computer programmes, sale and commercial rental rights have also been provided. In the case of original artistic works, the author is eligible for a share of the resale proceeds also. The Indian law also provides for special rights to claim authorship of the work and to restrain or claim damages in respect of any distortion, mutilation, modification or such other acts on the work. The duration of copyright in India is life plus sixty years. However, in case of cinematograph films, sound recordings, photographs, government works, works of public under takings and international organisations, the term of copyright is sixty years. The Act permits certain acts without specific permission of the copyright owner. These include a fair dealing with a literary (not being a computer programme), dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purposes of private use including research, and criticism or review and also for reporting of current events. Such works can also be reproduced for judicial proceedings and by legislature secretariats for use by members of a legislature. Reproduction of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works is also permitted by a teacher or pupil in the course of instruction and examination. In the case of a computer programme, making of backup copies by the lawful possessor is permitted. Decompilation and reverse engineering are also permitted under certain circumstances. Performance of a literary dramatic, or musical work or the communication to the public of such work or a sound recording in the course of any bona fide religious ceremony or an official ceremony held by the government is also permitted. While copyright accrues without any formality, facility for voluntary registration is available. The registration is made by the Registrar of Copyrights. The registration certificate is prima facie evidence of copyright. There is a copyright Board to appeal against the decisions of the Registrar of Copyrights. A person can also relinquish his copyright with the Registrar of Copyrights. All acts which are the exclusive rights of the owner when done without his permission are infringements. Similarly, importing into India, exhibiting for sale, etc. f infringing copies of a work are also infringements. Civil and criminal procedures are available to the owners in cased of infringement of copyrights. Civil suits can be filed in the district courts of the place where the owner is ordinarily resident or where his business is. Damages and accounts can be claimed in civil suits. Indian courts have now started imposing punitive damages also. All acts of infringement are criminal offences. Mand atory minimum punishments of six months imprisonment and Rs. 0,000 fine for the first offence and double that which can go upto three years imprisonment and Rs. 200,000 fine are prescribed in the Act. Knowing use of an infringing copy of a computer programme is an offence. Police have powers to seize infringing copies of copyrighted works and the machinery and equipment used for such infringement without a warrant. You read "Intellectual Property Laws of India" in category "Law" The Indian Act also provides for compulsory licences in certain circumstances such as non-republication and non-permission for translation after certain number of years. For administering the copyrights, the Act provides for copyright societies. There are separate societies for performing rights, sound recordings, cinematograph films and reprography rights. The Copyright Act has also provisions for extending copyright to foreign works. This is done through a special notification. At present citizens of all countries who are members of the Berne Union or the World Trade Organisation get copyright for their works in India. Related Rights Related Rights are also governed by the Copyright Act. The two categories of related rights provided are for broadcasters and performers. Broadcasters et the broadcast reproduction right which entails that no person shall re-broadcast or cause the broadcast to be heard or seen by the public on payment of any charges, make any sound or visual recording of the broadcast, or sells or rents to the public any recording without licence from the broadcaster concerned. These rights last for twenty-five years. Performers get performers’ right over their performance which means no one can make a sound or visual recording of his performance, or reproduce any such recording or broadcast such recording without the performer’s permission. This right lasts for fifty years. Both broadcasters and performers rights extend to the importation of copies of sound or visual recordings made without permission. There are exceptions to the enjoyment of the related rights on the lines of exceptions for copyright. Civil and criminal remedies are available for infringement of the related rights, again on similar lines as for copyright infringement. Patents History of patent protection in India also goes back to the late nineteenth century. The first Patent Act was that of the year 1856. This law gave certain exclusive privileges to inventors for a period of 14 years. The Act was replaced by another Act in 1859. This was patterned after the British Act of 1852. Later, the Protection of Inventions Act was passed in the year 1883. The Inventions and Designs Act of 1888 replaced all the existing Acts in these two areas. Subsequently the Patents and Designs Act of 1911 replaced all the previous Acts. This Act really established a system for proper administration of the Act by appointing Controller of Patents. Later the Patents Act 1970 was enacted on 20th April 1972. This Act was amended in 1999, 2002 and 2005 with a view to making it compatible with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement and is now fully TRIPS compatible. Prior to 2005 amendment, products in the field of pharmaceuticals and food items were not patentable. New Patent Rules were notified in 2003. Patents are available for all new inventions, both products and processes in all fields of technology which satisfy the patentability criteria, that is, novelty, inventiveness and industrial application. The Act defines invention as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application and further defines ‘new invention’ as â€Å"any invention or technology which has not been anticipated by publication in any document or sed in the country or elsewhere in the world before the date of filing of patent application with complete specification, i. e. , the subject matter has not fallen in public domain or that it does not form part of the state of the art. † The Indian Act provides an elaborate list of what are not patentable inventions. These, inter alia, include frivolous inventions or inve ntions which claim anything obviously contrary to well established natural laws or which are meant primarily for use which could be contrary to public order or morality or which cause prejudice to human, animal or plant life or health or to the environment. Mathematical or business methods or a computer programme per se is also not patentable. Methods of treatment of humans, animals or of agriculture or horticulture are also not patentable. Traditional knowledge, literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, topographies of integrated circuits, presentation of information, a mere scheme or rule or method of performing mental act or method of playing games and plants and animals in whole or in any part thereof are certain other non-patentable items. However, microorganisms are patentable. While submitting an application for patent, the applicant has to clearly indicate the source from which the biological material from India has been obtained and also that the necessary permission from the competent authority will be submitted. Such permission is to be obtained from the National Biodiversity Authority. A patent grants the exclusive right to the patentee to prevent third parties, who do not have his consent, from the act of making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the patented product or process. The Indian Patent Act makes it clear that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that the inventions are worked in India on a commercial scale and not merely to enable the patentee to enjoy a monopoly for the importation of the patented article. With a view to keep a balance of the rights of owners and public interest, the Act also provides for compulsory licences in certain circumstances such as an epidemic or for government use. Provisions also exist for granting compulsory licence in cases of application from countries that do not have adequate manufacturing capacity. However, so far no compulsory licence has been granted in India. Patent is granted on application to and after examination by the Patent Office. The application can be made by the true and first inventor of the invention or by any assignee or by the legal representative of any deceased person who was the true and first inventor or his assignee. As per the Act, the first person to apply gets the patent, if other conditions are satisfied. Provisional application can be made. However, in such case the complete application should be made within one year of the date of the provisional application. Ordinarily, patent applications are published in the Patent Journal 18 months after receipt of the application. However, in case the applicant applies for early publication, it will be done. After publication, the applicant or any third party can request for examination of the same. Decisions of the Controller of Patents are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board. Pre-grant representation against grant of a patent can be made upto six months from the date of publication. Opposition can also be made after grant of a patent. The grounds for opposing a patent clearly enunciated in the Patents Act. These mostly pertain to the patentability criteria and the non-patentable subject matter specified in the Act itself. The term of a patent is 20 years from the date of application or priority date, whichever is earlier, subject to annual renewal. In case of infringement of a patent right, civil action can be initiated by the patentee. Designs Industrial design protection in India can be traced back to the Patterns and Designs Protection Act, 1872. This was later incorporated in the Patents and Designs Act, 1888 which was later replaced by the Patents and Designs Act, 1911. So far as designs were concerned, this law remained in force till 11th May 2001, when the Designs Act 2000, along with the Designs Rules 2001, was brought into force. As per the Design Act, protection is extended to all registered designs. The definition of design makes it clear that only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any article by an industrial process or means, which in the finished article appeal to and are solely judged by eye are registrable. It does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanical device. Nor does it include trade marks or artistic works which are protected under copyright. Both two dimensional and three dimensional articles are protectable. In order to get registration, the design must be original or novel. Original includes designs which though old in themselves yet are new in their application. A design which has been disclosed to the public anywhere in India or in any other country by publication in tangible form or by use or in any other way prior to the date of filing date or the priority date are not eligible for registration. Similarly designs which is not significantly distinguishable from known designs or combination of known designs or which comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter are also not eligible registration. A design may be registered in more than one class. Registration of design is to be done in the Design Office at Kolkata, but application can be submitted in any one of the Patent offices at Chennai, Delhi or Mumbai. Appeals against the decisions of the Controller of Designs are to be made in a High Court. When a design is registered, the registered proprietor of the design gets copyright on that design for a period of ten years. The registration can be renewed once only for five years. Registration of a design makes it illegal for any person to apply or use the design on any article for sale or import of an article on which the design has been applied, without the licence of the registered proprietor. The penalty for piracy of design is payment of a sum not exceeding Rs. 25,000 to the registered proprietor and damages. Civil proceedings are to be instituted in a court not below that of a District Court. Design copyrights can be assigned or licensed. Trade marks The history of trade mark protection in India can be traced back to the Indian Merchandise Marks, Act 1889. Like similar legislations in the field of intellectual property rights, this was based on a British statute, in this case, the U. K. Merchandise Marks Act, 1887. A proper trade mark law was introduced with the enactment of the Trade Marks Act, 1940. This was later repealed when the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 was brought into force on 25th November 1959. This Act consolidated the provisions of the 1889 Merchandise Marks Act and the 1940 Trade Marks Act. The present Act is the Trade marks Act 1999 which was enacted keeping in view the obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. This Act, along with the Trade Marks Rules, 2002, was brought into force from 15 September 2003. As per the Trade Marks Act, for registration, a trade mark should be capable of being represented graphically and also of distinguishing the goods and services of one person from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and ombination of colours. The Act provides for registration of certification trade marks and collective trade marks. Registration can be made in any one or more classes prescribed in the Rules. India follows the Nice classification of goods and services. India also recognises the concept of well known trade marks. A Trade Marks Registry with headquarters at Mumbai with branches at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Ahmedabad exists for re gistration of trade marks. Application is to be submitted at the appropriate office depending on which part of the country the registered office of the applicant is situated. Marks which are devoid of any distinctive character or which may serve to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, values, geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or rendering of the service or other characteristics of the goods or services, or which have become customary in the current language or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade will be refused registration. Further, marks which are of such nature as to deceive the public or cause confusion, or which contains or comprises of any matter likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of any class or section of the citizens of India, or which comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter or which are national emblems or names will also not be registered. In addition a mark consisting exclusively of shape of goods which results from the nature of the goods themselves or the shape of goods which is necessary to obtain technical result or the shape which gives substantial value to the goods will also be refused registration. The registration is done after due examination and comparison with existing registered trade marks and after publication. Aggrieved persons can represent to the Registrar of Trade Marks before registration. The decisions of the Registrar of Trade Marks are appealable to the Intellectual Property appellate Board. Registration of a trade mark is valid for ten years, but it can be renewed from time to time. Registration gives the exclusive right to use that trade mark on the specific classes of goods or services to the registered proprietor. Use of a registered trade mark by an unauthorised person is infringement of the rights in that trade mark. Civil and criminal remedies akin to those of copyrights are available to the owners of the trade mark. In the case of trade mark, prior use claim is recognised by the Indian law. However, in the case of an unregistered trade mark, the court action will be for passing off the goodwill under the common law of torts. Geographical Indications India enacted a sui generis legislation for the protection of geographical indications through a registration process in fulfilment of its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, along with the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Rules, 2002, was brought into force on 15th September 2003. The Act provides for registration of geographical indication of agricultural, natural or manufactured goods which identifies such goods as originating or manufactured in the territory of a country or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of such goods is essentially attributable to its geographical origin. Through an explanation, the Act clarifies that any name which is not the name of country, region or locality of that country shall also be considered as the geographical indication if it relates to a specific geographical area and is used upon or in relation to particular goods originating from that country region or locality , as the case may be. The application for registration of a geographical indication is to be made to the Registrar of Geographical Indication. Any association or persons or producers or any organisation or authority established by or under any law for the time being in force representing the interests of the producers of the goods concerned, can apply for registration. The application will be examined, if necessary in consultation with a consultation group consisting of experts, and the accepted applications are advertised in the Geographical Indications Journal inviting objections if any. Opposition has to be filed within three months. The objections will be examined through a quasi judicial process and depending on the outcome, a geographical indication is registered or not. Decisions of the Registrar of Geographical Indication are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board. The registration of a geographical indication is for a period of ten years but is renewable from to time without any limit. The Act also provides for registration of the authorised users of the goods in question. These registrations are also for ten year periods. Registration confers on the authorised user the exclusive right to the use of the geographical indication in relation to the goods in respect of which the geographical indication is registered. Any unauthorised use is an infringement. No infringement action can be taken against an unregistered geographical indication. The registered proprietor and authorised user can initiate the action for getting relief against infringement . The Government can notify the goods which are entitled for higher level of protection as per the TRIPS Agreement. Civil and criminal remedies, on the lines of such remedies for trade mark infringement are available for geographical indication infringements. Geographical Indication rights are not assignable. However, legal heirs, who produce or manufacture the goods in question as per the requirements, can inherit the rights. Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Designs The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000 was enacted by India in pursuance of its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. The Act, along with, the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Rules 2001 was brought into force partially on 1st May 2004. The Act provides for registration of layout designs of semiconductor integrated circuits. A layout-design which is not original or which has been commercially exploited anywhere in India or in a convention country, or which is not inherently distinctive or which is not inherently capable of being distinguishable from any other registered layout-design will not be registered. Any person claiming to be the creator of a layout-design can apply to the Registrar of Layout-Designs for registration. Accepted applications will be advertised and any person can file opposition to the registration within three months of the advertisement. Thereafter, after due quasi judicial proceedings only the application is registered. Decisions of the Registrar of Layout—Design are appealable to the Layout-Design Appellate Board. Registration of a layout-design is valid for ten years from the date of filing or from the date of first commercial exploitation anywhere in any country whichever is earlier. The Act also provides for registration of authorised users. However, the authorised users do not have the right of assignment but only of use of the layout=design. Registration grants to the registered proprietor the exclusive right to the use of the layout-design and to obtain relief in respect of infringement. Infringement of layout-design occurs when any person not being the registered proprietor or a registered user thereof, does any act of reproducing, whether by incorporating in a semiconductor integrated circuit or otherwise, a registered design in its entirety or any part thereof. Infringements of the rights of a registered proprietor or authorised user are infringements which are punishable offences. The quantum of penalties and punishments are similar to those of trade marks. Protection of Plant Varieties In order to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants, the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act,2001 was enacted. The Act provides for registration of any new variety of plant which is novel, distinctive, uniform and stable. Extant varieties can also be registered subject to certain conditions. Applications for registration can be made by plant breeders or their assignees. Registration confers an exclusive right on the breeder or his successor, his agent or licensee, to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the variety. However, researchers are free to use the variety for conducting experiment or research. Any person is also free to use the variety as an initial source of variety for the purpose of creating other varieties. A farmer who has bred or developed a new variety is also entitled for registration and other protection in like manner as a breeder of a variety under the Act. Registration of a new plant variety is valid for eighteen years from the date of registration in case of trees and vines and for fifteen years in other cases. Registration of an extant variety is valid for fifteen years only. Civil suit can be filed against infringers of the rights conferred by registration in district courts. Courts can grant relief such as injunction and at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or a share of the profits. False application of the denomination of a registered variety is an offence. First time such offences are punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three months but which may extend to two years, or with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 50,000 but which may extend to Rs. 500,000. A person who has already been convicted of an offence under the Act is punishable for second and for every subsequent offence with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to three years or with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 00,000 but which may extend to Rs. 2,000,000. Protection of Biological Diversity and Associated Traditional Knowledge In pursuance to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, India enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 with the objective of conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The Act, along with the Biological Diversity Rule s, 2004, was brought into force fully on 1st July 2004. The Act contains detailed procedures and guidelines for accessing biological diversity and associated traditional knowledge occurring in India, including about Prior Informed Consent for Access and Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing Agreements. The Act provides for prior approval of the National Biodiversity Authority for making any application for any intellectual property right, in or outside India, for any invention based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India. The National Biodiversity Authority may, while granting the approval, impose benefit sharing fee or royalty or both or impose conditions including the sharing of financial benefits arising out of the commercial utilisation of such rights. Further, all foreign nationals, non-resident Indians and firms, associations and organisations with non-Indian participation require approval of the National Biological Diversity Board for accessing biological resources or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilisation. For transfer of biological resource and associated knowledge also prior permission of the National Biodiversity Authority is required. The benefit sharing arrangements, inter alia, include grant of joint ownership of the intellectual property rights to the National Biodiversity Authority, or where benefit claimers are identified, to such benefit claimers. Intellectual Property Administration In India, the intellectual property laws are administered by different Departments of the Central Government. The table below presents the departments which handle various intellectual property laws. Law| Department| Copyright Act| Higher Education| Patents Act| Industrial Policy Promotion| Designs Act| Industrial Policy Promotion| Trade Marks Act| Industrial Policy Promotion| Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act| Industrial Policy Promotion| Semiconductor Integrated circuits Layout-Design Act| Information Technology| Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act| Agriculture and Cooperation| Biological Diversity Act| Environment and Forests| Consequently, the administrative set ups for the different Intellectual Property laws are also different. The Copyright Act is administered by the Copyright Registry at New Delhi. It is headed by the Registrar of Copyrights who is assisted by Deputy Registrars of Copyrights. A copyright Board exists for hearing appeals against the decisions of the Registrar of Copyright. The Patents Act, Designs Act, Trade Marks Act and the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act are administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM), Mumbai. Under the Controller General are the Patents Office, the Design Wing, the Trade Marks Registry and the Geographical Indications Registry. The headquarters of the Patent Office is at Kolkata and there are branch offices at Chennai, New Delhi and Mumbai. The headquarters of the Trade Marks Registry is at Mumbai. It has branch offices at Ahmedabad, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi. The Design Wing of the Patent Office is at Kolkata. The Geographical Indications Registry is at Chennai. The Controller General is assisted by different levels of Controllers of Patents and Designs and Examiners in the patents and designs office and different levels of Registrars and Examiners in the trade mark and geographical indications registries. The Intellectual Property Appellate Board hears the appeals against the decisions of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act is administered by the Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority headed by a Chairperson and consisting of fifteen Members. A Plant Varieties Registry headed by a Registrar General of Plant Varieties has been set up under the Authority to register the plant varieties. Decisions of the Authority or the Registrar can be appealed to the Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal. The Registrar of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits layout-Design administers the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act. Appeals against the decisions of the Registrar can be preferred at the Layout-Design Appellate Board. The National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai administers the Biological Diversity Act and Rules. Under the Authority, State Biodiversity Boards and at local body level Biodiversity Management Committees exist. Membership of International Treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property India is a member of all major international treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property. These include the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property, Convention on Biological Diversity, Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Phonograms Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, WIPO Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. ——————————————- [ 2 ]. Section 3(l) of the Patents Act, 1970. 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Longest Period Economic Growth Developed -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Longest Period Economic Growth Developed? Answer: Introduction The economic performance of all countries in the world is measured by using some universal economic indicators. One of the major economic indicator is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the value of all goods a country produces within it boarders in monetary terms (Tribe, 2011). The GDP level for most countries is estimated on a quarterly basis. The level varies from one quarter to the other; any improvement from the previous estimate is an indicator that there is expansion in the countrys production level which is desirable for any given economy. This paper is mainly concentrated on comparing and contrasting the differences in economic performance between US and Australia. The reason for the differentials in performance will be identified and explained in actual figures. The data to be used is for the period starting from 2012 to 2016 (five years). Since GDP is a primary indicator, we shall start the research by identifying the various accounting methods used in its computation. Whereas there are several methods of GDP accounting we shall only rely mostly on the expenditure approach. According to the US Bureau of Statistics, the source for expenditure data is reliable and has an advantage of data integrity (Mathews, 2012). Other realistic arguments such as the PPF and business cycles concept will be employed in the research. Data to be used will be obtained from various government institutions. GDP Accounting Methods There are three methods that are globally accepted for the estimation of GDP and are alleged to give similar estimates. One of them is the expenditure method where it has four components; investments, consumption, government spending and net exports. When this components are summed up, they give nominal GDP which is further adjusted for changes in inflation to make it real GDP. This method is the most commonly used with consumer spending being the dominant component, followed by government spending, business investment and lastly the net export component. The second method is the production approach also referred to as the net product method or Value added method. This method originates from the definition of GDP total monetary value of all goods and services; this gives the gross value (World Bank, 2013). The next step is to subtract the intermediate consumption from this gross value. Intermediate consumption includes; cost of materials used in producing the final output, supplies and services. The last method is the income approach method which assumes that all incomes generated by all goods and services produced by an economy should be equal to all the expenditures in that economy (Ross, 2018). The components for this approach include; labor income (wages, Salaries, and fringe benefits. government taxes for Social Security and unemployment insurance are also included); Rental income (Property income received by households, imputed rent, Royalties from patents, assets and copyrights); interest income (Income the households receive from lending their money to business firms and corporations. Interest payments by Government and household are not included); lastly, accounting profit (What is left with firms after paying their rent, employee compensation and interest on debt). Business Cycles According to Amadeo (2018), there are 3 most important indicators that tell the business cycle phase the country is operating at; growth rate of GDP, Unemployment rate and inflation. These three indicators should be compared from a year to another to determine the economic growth and thus to help in the implementation of the appropriate policies. Positive growth indicates an expansion phase whereas negative growth indicates a recession (Msmf.com, 2017). Since the great recession of 2007-09, the US has been on the recovery process. US labor productivity, growth of output and hours worked The graph above provided by the US bureau of statistics shows that the US economy has not fully recovered from the impacts of the global recession as it is still operating below the average cycle (Sprague, 2017). The table below shows that the US economy has been on an expansion phase for the five years under analysis; growth rate is positive, unemployment low and inflation rate also low. Table: US Business cycles from 2012-2016 Year GDP Growth Unemployment Rate Inflation Business Cycle Phase 2012 2.2% 7.8% 1.7% Expansion. 2013 1.7% 6.7% 1.5% Expansion. 2014 2.6% 5.6% 0.8% Expansion. 2015 2.9% 5.0% 0.7% Low oil prices. Strong dollar.Fed raised rate. 2016 1.5% 4.7% 2.1% Year GDP Growth Unemployment Rate Inflation Business Cycle Phase 2012 3.6% 5.2% 1.8% Expansion. 2013 2.1% 5.7% 2.5% Expansion. 2014 2.8% 6.1% 2.5% Expansion. 2015 2.4% 6.1% 1.5% Expansion. 2016 2.5% 5.7% 1.3% Expansion. Source: FocusEconomics.com (2018) According to Tang (2017), Australia has been on the expansion phase for many years. PPF Concept The United States economic performance is better than Australian when considering the production possibility frontier (PPF). According to Perera (2016), individuals have unlimited needs and wants and thus the resources available are not enough to meet these needs and wants and thus the economy has to make the right choices to maximize their production of goods and services. The United States is a more developed country compared to Australia, it has more factor resources, advanced technology and increased productivity that enables it to produce close to the PPF. Points A, B and C are along the PPF and are the efficient points. It can be argued that no country have efficient utilization of available resources since that country should be operating at full employment level. Since the employment level in US is lower than that of Australia, the US can be said to be closer to the efficient level than Australia as positioned on the above graph. The US can thus be considered to have more resources than Australia and is better employing them to increase productivity. GDP of the United States and Australia in comparison GDP is always provided in the National currency; Australian Dollar for Australia and US Dollar for the US. However, from the data I collected from the IMF, I converted the Australian Dollars to US dollars at the current exchange rate in order to get a clear comparison; both the US and Australian GDP in the graph above are in Billions of US Dollar. As it can be observed from the graph, the US GDP is way higher in comparison to that of Australia. The trend for the US GDP is also heading upwards whereas that of Australia in nearly horizontal. The upward trend is indicating a growth in economic performance during the 5 year period for the US and a sluggish growth for Australia. This GDP data is clearly indicating that the production of goods and services in the US in monetary value is much greater than that of Australia. GDP per capital is estimated at constant prices in the national currency units; however, the units of Australian dollars have been converted to US dollars. From the graph above, one can easily note that the trend for GDP per capital for both countries looks alike and is heading upwards. This indicates that it is growing for both countries. However, the units for the US GDP per Capita are much greater than for Australia. This can also be concluded that the US is performing better than Australia in terms of GDP per capita. How the components of GDP has impacted the GDP of both the US and Australia Since similar components are used in the computation of GDP, any increment in any of the component leads to an increment in GDP. On the other hand, when any of the components shrink, GDP also falls. For instance, the net export for the US is very poor compared to Australia according to the IMF data. This means that the net export has very little contribution to the US GDP than for Australia. Since the unemployment rate in the US is lower than in Asutralia, it means that most people have incomes to spend on goods and services; this explains the big contribution of consumption component in US GDP. The expansion of output and increased demand by households since they have incomes has contributed much to US GDP than for Australia since it has led to increased business investments on expansion. When unemployment rate is low, the government revenues rise and this explains why the US government is able to spend more than Australia. Comparison of Economic Growth between US and Australia From the above graph, it can be concluded that the US economy growth rate was lower than that of Australia despite the better performance in other indicators. Both countries were in an expansion phase during this period because their GDP growth rate was positive for all the years. From the data obtained from the IMF, both the US and Australian GDP rose from 2012 2016. The inflation rate for both countries also rose during this period. The major difference was on the unemployment rate, while it was on a falling trend for the US, it was on a rising trend for the Australian economy. In summary, it can be concluded that the US economys economic performance from 2012 2016 was better than that of Australia. References Amadeo, K. (2018). U.S. GDP Growth Rate by Year Compared to Inflation and Unemployment: What Really Influenced U.S. Growth Through History? [Online] The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/u-s-gdp-growth-3306008 [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. FocusEconomics.com (2018). Australia Economic Outlook. [Online] FocusEconomics.com. Available at: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/australia [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Imf.org (2018). Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. [Online] Imf.org. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66pr.y=9sy=2012ey=2016scsm=1ssd=1sort=countryds=.br=1c=193%2C111s=NGDP_R%2CNGDPRPC%2CNID_NGDP%2CPCPIPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CLUR%2CGGR%2CBCAgrp=0a= [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018]. Mathews, R. (2012). GDP and the US Economy: 3 Ways to Measure Economic Production. [Online] Mic.com. Available at: https://mic.com/articles/14943/gdp-and-the-us-economy-3-ways-to-measure-economic-production#.caMGFi6qL [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Msmf.com (2017). The U.S. Business Cycle: Where We Are and What Does It Mean? [Online] Msmf.com. Available at: https://www.msmf.com/blog/the-u-s-business-cycle-where-are-we-and-what-does-it-mean [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Perera, G. (2016). What is PPF in Economics? [Online] Pediaa.Com. Available at: https://pediaa.com/what-is-ppf-in-economics/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Ross, S. (2018). How do you calculate GDP with the Income Approach? [Online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/070715/how-do-you-calculate-gdp-income-approach.asp [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Sprague, S. (2017). Below trend: the U.S. productivity slowdown since the Great Recession. [Online] Bls.gov. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-6/below-trend-the-us-productivity-slowdown-since-the-great-recession.htm [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Tang, E. (2017). Australia has experienced the longest period of economic growth in the developed world. [Online] Austrade.gov.au. Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/news/economic-analysis/australia-has-experienced-the-longest-economic-growth-among-major-developed-world [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Tribe, J. (2011). The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Routledge. World Bank (2013). Measuring the real size of the world economy: the framework, methodology, and results of the International Comparison Program--ICP. Washington, DC: World Bank